Mabatire a Lead-acid & Lithium Batteries
1. Mabatire a lead-acid
1.1 Kodi Mabatire a Lead-acid ndi chiyani?
● Batire ya lead-acid ndi batire yosungira yomwe ma electrode ake amapangidwa makamakakutsogolerandi zakeoxides, ndi omwe electrolyte ndisulfuric acid solution.
● Mphamvu yamagetsi ya batire ya lead-acid ya selo imodzi ndi2.0 V, yomwe imatha kutulutsidwa ku 1.5V ndikulipiritsa ku 2.4V.
● M'mapulogalamu,6 selo imodzimabatire a lead-acid nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa motsatizana kuti apange dzina12 Vlead-acid batire.
1.2 Mapangidwe a Battery ya Lead-acid
● Pamene mabatire amtundu wa lead-acid akutuluka, chigawo chachikulu cha electrode chabwino ndi lead dioxide, ndipo panopa chimayenda kuchokera ku electrode yabwino kupita ku electrode negative, ndipo chigawo chachikulu cha electrode negative ndi lead.
● Pamene mabatire amtundu wa lead-acid amayendera, zigawo zikuluzikulu za electrode zabwino ndi zoipa ndi lead sulfate, ndipo panopa zimayenda kuchokera ku electrode yabwino kupita ku electrode negative.
●Mabatire a Graphene: graphene conductive zowonjezerazimawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zabwino ndi zoipa zama electrode,graphene composite elekitirodi zipangizoamawonjezeredwa ku electrode yabwino, ndigraphene ntchito zigawoamawonjezeredwa ku zigawo za conductive.
1.3 Kodi zomwe zili pa satifiketi zimayimira chiyani?
●6-DZF-20:6 zikutanthauza kuti alipo6 grid, grid iliyonse ili ndi voteji2V, ndipo voteji yolumikizidwa mndandanda ndi 12V, ndipo 20 imatanthauza kuti batire ili ndi mphamvu20AH.
● D (yamagetsi), Z (yothandizidwa ndi mphamvu), F (batire yoyendetsedwa ndi valavu yokonzedwa bwino).
●DZM:D (magetsi), Z (galimoto yothandizidwa ndi mphamvu), M (batire losindikizidwa lopanda kukonza).
●EVF:EV (galimoto ya batri), F (vavu-regulated kukonza-free batire).
1.4 Kusiyana pakati pa ma valve oyendetsedwa ndi osindikizidwa
●Batire yopanda kukonza yoyendetsedwa ndi ma valve:palibe chifukwa chowonjezera madzi kapena asidi pokonza, batri palokha ndi yosindikizidwa,palibe kutayikira kwa asidi kapena nkhungu ya asidi, ndi chitetezo cha njira imodzivalve yotulutsa mpweya, pamene mpweya wamkati udutsa mtengo wina, valavu yotulutsa mpweya imatseguka kuti iwononge mpweya.
●Battery yosindikizidwa yopanda lead-acid:betri yonse ndiotsekedwa kwathunthu (redox ya batri imayendetsedwa mkati mwa chipolopolo chosindikizidwa), kotero kuti batire yopanda kukonza ilibe "gasi woyipa" kusefukira
2. Mabatire a Lithiyamu
2.1 Kodi Mabatire a Lithium ndi chiyani?
● Mabatire a lithiamu ndi mtundu wa batire womwe umagwiritsa ntchitolithiamu zitsulo or lithiamu aloyimonga zinthu zabwino/zoipa zama elekitirodi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda madzi za electrolyte.(Mchere wa lithiamu ndi organic solvents)
2.2 Gulu la Batri la Lithium
●Mabatire a lithiamu akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: lithiamu zitsulo mabatire ndi lithiamu ion mabatire.Mabatire a lithiamu ion ndi apamwamba kuposa mabatire a lithiamu zitsulo pokhudzana ndi chitetezo, mphamvu yeniyeni, mlingo wodzitulutsa okha komanso chiŵerengero cha mtengo wa ntchito.
● Chifukwa cha zofunikira zake zamakono zamakono, makampani okhawo m'mayiko ochepa akupanga mtundu uwu wa batri ya lithiamu.
2.3 Batri ya Lithium Ion
| Zida Zamagetsi Zabwino | Nominal Voltage | Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu | Moyo Wozungulira | Mtengo | Chitetezo | Cycle Times | Kutentha Kwachizolowezi |
| Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) | 3.7 V | Wapakati | Zochepa | Wapamwamba | Zochepa | ≥500 300-500 | Lithium iron phosphate: -20 ℃ ~ 65 ℃ Ternary lithiamu: -20 ℃ ~ 45 ℃Mabatire a lithiamu a Ternary ndi othandiza kwambiri kuposa lithiamu iron phosphate pa kutentha kochepa, koma sagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu monga lithiamu iron phosphate.Komabe, izi zimadalira mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya fakitale iliyonse ya batri. |
| Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) | 3.6 V | Zochepa | Wapakati | Zochepa | Wapakati | ≥500 800-1000 | |
| Lithium Nickel Oxide (LNO) | 3.6 V | Wapamwamba | Zochepa | Wapamwamba | Zochepa | Palibe deta | |
| Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) | 3.2V | Wapakati | Wapamwamba | Zochepa | Wapamwamba | 1200-1500 | |
| Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA) | 3.6 V | Wapamwamba | Wapakati | Wapakati | Zochepa | ≥500 800-1200 | |
| Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM) | 3.6 V | Wapamwamba | Wapamwamba | Wapakati | Zochepa | ≥1000 800-1200 |
●Zida za electrode zoipa:Graphite imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, lithiamu zitsulo, aloyi a lithiamu, silicon-carbon negative electrode, oxide negative electrode materials, etc.
● Poyerekeza, lithiamu iron phosphate ndiye chinthu chotsika mtengo kwambiri cha electrode positive.
2.4 Gulu la mawonekedwe a batri la lithiamu-ion
Cylindrical lithiamu-ion batri
Prismatic Li-ion Battery
Batani la lithiamu-ion batire
Batire ya lithiamu-ion yooneka mwapadera
Soft paketi batire
● Mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabatire agalimoto yamagetsi:cylindrical ndi soft paketi
● Cylindrical lithiamu batri:
● Ubwino: teknoloji yokhwima, yotsika mtengo, mphamvu yaing'ono imodzi, yosavuta kulamulira, kutentha kwabwino
● Kuipa:kuchuluka kwa batire mapaketi, kulemera kwambiri, kutsika pang'ono kachulukidwe mphamvu
● Batri ya lithiamu yofewa:
● Ubwino: njira yopangira kwambiri, yocheperako, yopepuka, yochulukirachulukira mphamvu, kusiyanasiyana kochulukirapo popanga paketi ya batri
● Kuipa:Kusakwanira kwathunthu kwa paketi ya batri (kusasinthika), kusagwirizana ndi kutentha kwakukulu, kosavuta kuyimitsa, kukwera mtengo
● Ndi mawonekedwe ati omwe ali abwino kwa mabatire a lithiamu?M'malo mwake, palibe yankho lathunthu, makamaka zimadalira zofuna
● Ngati mukufuna mtengo wotsika komanso ntchito yabwino yonse: cylindrical lithiamu battery > soft-pack lithiamu battery
● Ngati mukufuna kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kuwala, kachulukidwe kamphamvu kwambiri: batire ya lithiamu yofewa > batire ya cylindrical lithium
2.5 Kapangidwe ka Battery la Lithium
● 18650: 18mm imasonyeza kukula kwa batire, 65mm imasonyeza kutalika kwa batire, 0 imasonyeza mawonekedwe a cylindrical, ndi zina zotero
● Kuwerengera kwa 12v20ah lithiamu batri: Tangoganizani kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ya batri ya 18650 ndi 3.7V (4.2v ikayimitsidwa) ndipo mphamvu ndi 2000ah (2ah)
● Kuti mupeze 12v, mukufunikira mabatire a 3 18650 (12 / 3.7≈3)
● Kuti mupeze 20ah, 20/2=10, muyenera magulu 10 a mabatire, aliyense ali ndi 3 12V.
● 3 mndandanda ndi 12V, 10 mofanana ndi 20ah, ndiko kuti, 12v20ah (maselo 30 18650 amafunikira)
● Potulutsa, mphamvuyi imayenda kuchokera ku electrode yolakwika kupita ku electrode yabwino
● Pamene mukulipiritsa, magetsi akuyenda kuchokera ku electrode yabwino kupita ku electrode yolakwika
3. Kuyerekeza Pakati pa Battery Lithium, Battery-acid-Lead ndi Graphene Battery
| Kuyerekezera | Batire ya lithiamu | Batire ya lead-acid | Batire ya graphene |
| Mtengo | Wapamwamba | Zochepa | Wapakati |
| Chitetezo Factor | Zochepa | Wapamwamba | Zokwera kwambiri |
| Voliyumu ndi kulemera kwake | Kukula kochepa, kulemera kopepuka | Kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwakukulu | Voliyumu yayikulu, yolemera kuposa batire ya acid acid |
| Moyo wa batri | Wapamwamba | Wamba | Chapamwamba kuposa batire ya acid-acid, yotsika kuposa batri ya lithiamu |
| Utali wamoyo | 4 zaka (ternary lithiamu: 800-1200 nthawi lithiamu iron phosphate: 1200-1500 nthawi) | Zaka 3 (nthawi 3-500) | Zaka 3 (> 500 nthawi) |
| Kunyamula | Zosinthika komanso zosavuta kunyamula | Sizingalipitsidwe | Sizingalipitsidwe |
| Kukonza | Zosakonzanso | Zokonzedwanso | Zokonzedwanso |
● Palibe yankho lomveka bwino lomwe batire ili bwino pamagalimoto amagetsi.Zimadalira makamaka kufunikira kwa mabatire.
● Pankhani ya moyo wa batri ndi moyo: lithiamu batire> graphene> asidi wotsogolera.
● Pankhani ya mtengo ndi chitetezo: lead acid > graphene > lithiamu batire.
● Ponena za kunyamula: batri ya lithiamu> asidi wotsogolera = graphene.
4. Zikalata Zogwirizana ndi Battery
● Battery ya asidi-lead: Batire ya asidi-lead ikadutsa kugwedezeka, kusiyana kwa kuthamanga, ndi kuyesa kutentha kwa 55°C, ikhoza kuchotsedwa pamayendedwe wamba onyamula katundu.Ngati sichinapambane mayesero atatuwo, amagawidwa ngati katundu woopsa wa gulu 8 (zinthu zowononga)
● Ziphaso zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
●Chitsimikizo cha Safe Transport of Chemical Goods(zoyendera ndege/nyanja);
●Zithunzi za MSDS(PETI LA DATA YOTETEZEKA ZOCHITIKA);
● Batri ya Lithium: yotchulidwa ngati katundu woopsa wa Class 9
● Ziphaso zodziwika bwino ndi monga: mabatire a lithiamu nthawi zambiri amakhala UN38.3, UN3480, UN3481 ndi UN3171, satifiketi ya phukusi la zinthu zoopsa, lipoti la kuwunika kwamayendedwe onyamula katundu.
●UN38.3lipoti loyendera chitetezo
●UN3480lithiamu-ion batire paketi
●UN3481batri ya lithiamu-ion yoyikidwa mu zida kapena batri yamagetsi ya lithiamu ndi zida zophatikizidwa pamodzi (kabati yazinthu zowopsa zomwezo)
●UN3171galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi batire kapena zida zoyendera batire (batire yoyikidwa mgalimoto, kabati yazinthu zowopsa zomwezo)
5. Nkhani za Battery
● Mabatire a asidi otsogolera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo zolumikizira zitsulo mkati mwa batriyo zimakhala zosavuta kusweka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabwalo afupikitsidwe ndi kuyaka modzidzimutsa.Mabatire a lithiamu ali pa nthawi yautumiki, ndipo maziko a batri akukalamba komanso akutha, zomwe zingayambitse maulendo afupiafupi komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Mabatire a lead-acid
Lithium Battery
● Kusintha kosaloledwa: Ogwiritsa ntchito amasintha dera la batri popanda chilolezo, zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ya chitetezo cha magetsi a galimoto.Kusintha kosayenera kumapangitsa kuti dera lagalimoto likhale lodzaza kwambiri, lodzaza, lotenthedwa, komanso locheperako.
Mabatire a lead-acid
Lithium Battery
● Kulephera kwa charger.Ngati chojambuliracho chimasiyidwa m'galimoto kwa nthawi yayitali ndikugwedezeka, ndizosavuta kupangitsa kuti ma capacitors ndi resistors mu charger asungunuke, zomwe zingayambitse kuchulukira kwa batri.Kutenga charger yolakwika kungayambitsenso kuchulutsa.
● Njinga zamagetsi zimatenthedwa ndi dzuwa.M'chilimwe, kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu ndipo sikoyenera kuyimitsa njinga zamagetsi panja padzuwa.Kutentha mkati mwa batire kudzapitirira kukwera.Ngati mulipira batire mutangofika kunyumba kuchokera kuntchito, kutentha mkati mwa batire kumapitilira kukwera.Ikafika pakutentha koopsa, imakhala yosavuta kuyatsa yokha.
● Njinga zamoto zamagetsi zimanyowa mosavuta m’madzi mvula ikagwa.Mabatire a lithiamu sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ataviikidwa m'madzi.Magalimoto amagetsi a lead-acid amayenera kukonzedwa pamalo okonzera ataviikidwa m'madzi.
6. Kusamalira Tsiku ndi Tsiku ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mabatire ndi Zina
● Pewani kuthira batire mochulukira komanso kuthira mopitirira muyeso
Kuchulukitsa:Nthawi zambiri, milu yolipiritsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipiritsa ku China.Akachangidwa kwathunthu, magetsi azimitsidwa.Mukatchaja ndi charger, magetsi amazimitsa okha akamangika.Kuphatikiza pa ma charger wamba omwe alibe ntchito yochotsa mphamvu zonse, akamayimitsidwa kwathunthu, adzapitilizabe kulipiritsa pang'ono, zomwe zidzakhudza moyo kwa nthawi yayitali;
Kutulutsa mochulukira:Nthawi zambiri tikulimbikitsidwa kulipiritsa batire pomwe mphamvu yatsala 20%.Kulipiritsa ndi mphamvu yochepa kwa nthawi yayitali kumapangitsa kuti batire ikhale yocheperako, ndipo mwina silingaperekedwe.Iyenera kutsegulidwanso, ndipo mwina siyingatsegulidwe.
● Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito m'malo otentha komanso otsika kwambiri.Kutentha kwakukulu kumawonjezera zomwe zimachitika pamankhwala ndikupanga kutentha kwambiri.Kutentha kukafika pamtengo wovuta kwambiri, kumapangitsa kuti batire liwotche ndikuphulika.
● Pewani kulipira mwachangu, zomwe zidzapangitse kusintha kwa mkati ndi kusakhazikika.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, batri idzatenthedwa ndikukhudza moyo wa batri.Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a mabatire a lithiamu osiyanasiyana, batire ya lithiamu manganese oxide 20A, pogwiritsa ntchito 5A charger ndi 4A charger pansi pamikhalidwe yomweyi, kugwiritsa ntchito 5A charger kumachepetsa kuzungulira nthawi pafupifupi 100.
●Ngati galimoto yamagetsi sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, yesani kulipira kamodzi pa sabata kapena nthawi iliyonse 15 masiku.Batire ya acid-lead yokha imadya pafupifupi 0.5% ya mphamvu zake tsiku lililonse.Idzadya mwachangu ikayikidwa pagalimoto yatsopano.
Mabatire a lithiamu adzawononganso mphamvu.Ngati batire silinaperekedwe kwa nthawi yayitali, limakhala lopanda mphamvu ndipo batire ikhoza kukhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Batire latsopano lomwe silinatsegulidwe likufunika kulipiritsidwa kamodzi mopitilira100 masiku.
●Ngati batire lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitalinthawi ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, batire ya acid-acid ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi electrolyte kapena madzi ndi akatswiri kuti apitirize kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi, koma nthawi zonse, ndi bwino kuti musinthe batire yatsopanoyo mwachindunji.Batire ya lithiamu imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo sizingatheke kukonzedwa.Ndibwino kuti m'malo mwa batire latsopano mwachindunji.
●Kulipira vuto: Chaja chiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chofananira.60V singathe kulipira mabatire a 48V, 60V lead-acid sangathe kulipira mabatire a lithiamu 60V, ndima charger a lead-acid ndi ma batire a lithiamu sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana.
Ngati nthawi yolipirayo ndi yayitali kuposa nthawi zonse, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutulutse chingwe chojambulira ndikusiya kuyitanitsa.Samalani ngati batire yawonongeka kapena yawonongeka.
●Moyo wa batri = voliyumu × batire ampere × liwiro ÷ mphamvu yamagalimoto Fomula iyi si yoyenera mitundu yonse, makamaka ma mota amphamvu kwambiri.Kuphatikizidwa ndi deta yogwiritsira ntchito amayi ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito, njirayi ndi iyi:
48V lithiamu batire, 1A = 2.5km, 60V lithiamu batire, 1A = 3km, 72V lithiamu batire, 1A = 3.5km, lead-asidi ndi pafupifupi 10% zochepa kuposa lithiamu batire.
48V batire akhoza kuthamanga makilomita 2.5 pa ampere (48V20A 20×2.5=50 makilomita)
60V batire akhoza kuthamanga makilomita 3 pa ampere (60V20A 20×3 = 60 makilomita)
72V batire akhoza kuthamanga makilomita 3.5 pa ampere (72V20A 20×3.5=70 makilomita)
●Kuchuluka kwa batire/A pa charger ndi kofanana ndi nthawi yochapira, nthawi yolipira = mphamvu ya batri / chojambulira Nambala, mwachitsanzo 20A / 4A = maola 5, koma chifukwa kuyendetsa bwino kudzakhala pang'onopang'ono mutatha kulipira ku 80% (pulse idzachepetsa panopa), choncho nthawi zambiri imalembedwa ngati 5-6 maola kapena maola 6-7 (ya inshuwaransi)
